CTES,
LP
COILED TUBING MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction
a. Objective of the Manual
b. CTES, LP
2. CT History
a. The Origin of CT
b. The Evolution of CT Equipment
c. CT Services
d. CT Industry Status
3. The Tubing
a. Raw Material for CT
b. CT Manufacturing
c. CT Mechanical Performance
i) Stress & Strain
Fundamentals
ii) Bending Strain
iii) Effects of Cyclic
Loading
iv) Permanent Elongation
of CT
v) Mechanisms for
CT Length Change
d. CT String Design
e. CT Inspection Tools
f. Repairs & Splicing
g. Alternatives to Carbon Steel CT
i) Corrosion Resistant
ii) Titanium
iii)Composites
4. CT Surface Equipment
a. Well Control Equipment
i) Blowout Preventer
ii) Stripper
iii) Wellhead Connections
b. Injector Head & Guide Arch
i) Introduction
ii) Chains & Gripper Blocks
iii) CT Weight Sensors
iv) Weight Indicator Calibration System
v) Depth Measurement
vi) Guide Arch
vii) The "Big Wheel" Configuration
c. Tubing Reel
i) Reel Drive Mechanism & Level-wind
ii) Depth Measurement
iii) Auxiliary Depth Measuring System
iv) Fluid & Depth Measuring System
v) Reel Capacity
d. Power Units
e. Control Cab & Operator's Console
f. CT Lifting Frame
g. CT Data Acquisition System (DAS)
h. Typical CT Workover Unit Configurations
i) Modular
ii) Truck-mounted
iii) Trailor-mounted
i. Typical Location Layouts
i) Land Operations
ii) Offshore Operations
5. CT Surface Equipment - Downhole Tools
a. CT Connectors
i) Grub Screw/Dimple
Connectors
ii) External
Slip Type Connector
iii) Roll-On
Connector
iv) Double ended Roll-On Connector
v) Internal Slip Connector
vi) Doubled Ended Internal Slip Connector
vii) Commonly Used CT Threads
b. Check Valves
i) Twin Flapper Check
Valve
ii) Twin Flapper
Check Valve with Bypass
iii) Ball Check
Valve
iv) Back Pressure Valve
v) Dual Ball Kelly Cock Valve
c. CT Disconnects (Release Joints)
i) B.O.S.S. Release
Joints
ii) Shear Release
Joints
iii) Release Joint/Retrieval
Tool
d.
CT Circulation and Control Valves
i) Ball
Activated Circulation Valve
ii) Burst
Disc Circulation Sub
iii) Dual
Circulation Valve
iv) Cement
Valve
v) Flow
Activated Sequencing Tool
e. Motor Head Assembly
f. CT Jars & Accelerators
i) Upstroke
Hydraulic Jar
ii) Upstroke
Accelerator
iii) Downstroke
Hydraulic Jar
iv) Downstroke
Accelerator
g. CT Straight Bars & Joints
i) Knuckle
Joint/Torque-Thru Knuckle Joint
ii) Swivel
Joint
iii) Straight/Weight
Bar
iv) C.A.R.S.A.C.
Connector
h. CT Centralizers
i) Flow Activated
Bow Spring Centralizer
ii) Fluted
Centralizer
i. CT Toolheads & Deployment Bar Systems
i) Multi-Purpose
(M.P.) Tool Head
ii) Deployment
Bar System
j. CT Running - Pulling & Shifting Tools
i) Flow Activated “GS” Type
Running/Pulling Tool
ii) Flow Activated
Heavy Duty Running/Pulling Tool
iii) Flow Activated
Shifting Tool
iv) Double
Ended Selective Shifting Tool
k. CT Tubing End Locator
l. CT Nipple Locator
i) Wireless
CT Collar Locator
ii) Indexing
Tools
m. CT Wash Tools & Wash Nozzles
i) Flow Activated
Hydraulic Jetting Indexing Tool
ii) Multi-Jet
Wash Tool
iii) Rotary
Jet Wash Tool
iv) Slim Hole
Jetting Head Assembly
v) Wash Nozzles
n. CT Fishing Tools
i) Flow Activated
CT Releasable Fishing/Bulldog Spear
ii) Fishing
Grabs
iii) Non Releasable
Overshot
iv) Flow Activated
CT Releasable Overshot
v) Venturi
Junk Basket
vi) Lead Impression
Block
vii) Hydrostatic
Bailer
o. Impact Drills
p. Through-tubing Packers and Bridge Plugs
6. Tubing Forces
a. Fundamental Questions
b. General Force Balance
c. Force Balance for Straight Segments
d. Force Balance for Segments in Curved Wellbores
e. Force Balance for Helically Buckled Segments
f. Pressure-Area Force
g. Overall Force Balance
h. Rigid Tool Calculations
7. Buckling and Lock-up
a. Buckling Limits
b. Buckling in Vertical Segments
c. Buckling in Inclined Segments
d. Effects of Wellbore Curvature on Buckling
e. Effects of Friction on Buckling
f. Geometry of a Helix
g. Post-Buckling Lock-up
8. CT Mechanical Limits
a. Overview
b. CT Stresses
i) Axial Force
Definition
ii) Axial Stress
iii) Radial
Stress
iv) Hoop Stress
v) Shear
or Torque Stress
vi) The von
Mises Yield Condition
b. CT Limits
i) Maximum Pressure
Considerations
ii) Diameter Growth
Considerations
iii) Applying Safety
Factors
c. CT Collapse
i) CT Collapse Prediction—Plastic
Hinge Theory
ii) CT Collapse Calculation—API
RP 5C7
iii) Comparison with
Measured Collapse
9. CT Working Life
a. Metal Fatigue
b. CT Fatigue
i) CT
Fatigue Testing
ii) CT Fatigue
Modeling
iii) Minimizing
CT Fatigue
iv) Data
Acquisition
v) Cost
Savings
vi) Monitoring
Tubing Life with Running Feet
10. CT Hydraulic Performance
a. The Fundamental Hydraulics
Challenge
b. The Relationship Between Pressure
and Flow Rate
c. Fluid Rheological Models
i) Newtonian
Fluid
ii) Power
Law Fluids
iii) Bingham
Plastic Fluids
d. Reynolds Number
e. Hydraulic Friction Factor for Straight Tubes
f. Hydraulic Friction Factor for CT on the Reel
g. Pressure Losses in Gases
h. Pressure Losses in Foams
i. Pressure Losses in Liquid-Gas Flows
i) Duns and
Ros Correlation
ii) Hagedorn
and Brown Correlation
iii) Orkiszewski
Correlation
iv) Beggs
and Brill Correlation
j. The Hydraulics of Solids Transport
k. Hydraulic Horsepower Requirement
l. Velocity String Hydraulics
i) Minimum Critical
Velocity
ii) Inflow Performance
iii) Outflow
Performance
11. Pumping Operations
a. Basic Considerations
i) Fluid
Characteristics
ii) Surface
Equipment and Facilities
iii) CT
String
iv) Tool
String or BHA
v) Wellbore
b. Removing
Fill or Sand From a Wellbore
i) Planning
a Fill Removal
ii) Selecting
Equipment for a Fill Removal
iii) Generic
Procedure for a Fill Removal
iv) Monitoring
a Fill Removal
v) Safety
Issues for a Fill Removal
c. Stimulating a Formation (Acidizing)
i) Planning
for Stimulating a Formation
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Stimulating a Formation
iii) Generic
Procedure for Stimulating a Formation
iv) Monitoring
for Stimulating a Formation
v) Safety
Issues for Stimulating a Formation
d. Cutting
Tubulars with Fluids
i) Planning
for Cutting Tubulars with Fluids
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Cutting Tubulars with Fluids
iii) Generic
Procedure for Cutting Tubulars with Fluids
iv) Monitoring
for Cutting Tubulars with Fluids
v) Safety
Issues for Cutting Tubulars with Fluids
e. Pumping Slurry Plugs
i) Planning
for Pumping Slurry Plugs
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Pumping Slurry Plugs
iii) Generic
Procedure for Pumping Slurry Plugs
iv) Monitoring
for Pumping Slurry Plugs
v) Safety
Issues for Pumping Slurry Plugs
f. Isolating Zones (Controlling Flow Profiles)
i) Planning
for Isolating Zones
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Isolating Zones
iii) Generic
Procedure for Isolating Zones
iv) Monitoring
a Zonal Isolation Job
v) Safety
Issues for Isolating Zones
g. Removing Scale Hydraulically
i) Planning
for Removing Scale Hydraulically
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Removing Scale Hydraulically
iii) Generic
Procedure for Removing Scale Hydraulically
iv) Monitoring
for Removing Scale Hydraulically
v) Safety
Issues for Removing Scale Hydraulically
h. Unloading a Well with Nitrogen
i) Planning
for Unloading a Well with Nitrogen
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Unloading a Well with Nitrogen
iii) Generic
Procedure for Unloading a Well with Nitrogen
iv) Monitoring
Unloading a Well with Nitrogen
v) Safety
Issues for Unloading a Well with Nitrogen
i. Removing Wax, Hydrocarbon, or Hydrate
Plugs 104
i) Planning
for Removing Wax, Hydrocarbon, or Hydrate Plugs
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Removing Wax, Hydrocarbon, or Hydrate Plugs
iii) Generic
Procedure for Removing Wax, Hydrocarbon, or Hydrate Plugs
iv) Monitoring
for Removing Wax, Hydrocarbon, or Hydrate Plugs
v) Safety
Issues for Removing Wax, Hydrocarbon, or Hydrate Plugs
12. Mechanical Operations
a. Basic Considerations
i) CT String
ii) Surface
Equipment and Facilities
iii) Tool
String or BHA
iv) Wellbore
4Fluid Characteristics
b. Setting a Plug or Packer
i) Planning
to Set a Plug or Packer
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Setting a Plug or Packer
iii) Generic
Procedure for Setting a Plug or Packer
iv) Monitoring
a Plug or Packer Job
v) Safety
Issues for Setting a Plug or Packer
c. Fishing
i) Planning
a Fishing Job
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Fishing
iii) Generic
Procedure for Fishing
iv) Safety
Issues for Fishing
d. Perforating
i) Planning
a Perforating Job
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Perforating
iii) Generic
Procedure for Perforating
iv) Monitoring
a Perforating Job
v) Safety
Issues for Perforating
e. Logging with CT (Stiff Wireline)
i) Planning
a CT Logging Job
ii) Selecting
Equipment for CT Logging
iii) Generic
Procedure for CT Logging
iv) Monitoring
a CT Logging Job
v) Safety
Issues for CT Logging
f. Removing Scale Mechanically
i) Planning
to Remove Scale Mechanically
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Removing Scale Mechanically
iii) Generic
Procedure for Removing Scale Mechanically
iv) Monitoring
a Mechanical Scale Removal Job
v) Safety
Issues for Removing Scale Mechanically
g. Cutting Tubulars Mechanically
i) Planning
to Cut Tubulars Mechanically
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Mechanically Cutting Tubulars
iii) Generic
Procedure for Mechanically Cutting Tubulars
iv) Monitoring
for Mechanically Cutting Tubulars
v) Safety
Issues for Mechanically Cutting Tubulars
h. Operating a Sliding Sleeve
i) Planning
to Operate a Sliding Sleeve
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Operating a Sliding Sleeve
iii) Generic
Procedure for Operating a Sliding Sleeve
iv) Monitoring
for a Sliding Sleeve Operation
v) Safety
Issues for Operating a Sliding Sleeve
i. Running a Completion with CT
i) Planning
to Run a Completion
ii) Selecting
Equipment for Running a Completion
iii) Generic
Procedure for Running a Completion
iv) Monitoring
Running a Completion
v) Safety
Issues for Running a Completion
13. Permanent CT Installations
a. Reeled Completions
i) Candidate Selection
ii) Velocity
Strings
iii) Reeled
Production Conduit
iv) Pressure
Barrier during Completion Installation
v) Tubing
Connectors
vi) Gas
Lift Valves and Mandrels
vii) Spoolable
Safety Valve
viii) Additional
Reeled Completion Hardware
b. Offshore Flowlines
c. CT Umbilicals (Control Lines)
d. Casing and Tubing Repairs
14. Non-Standard CT Operations
a. CT Operations in Pipelines and Flowlines
b. Coping with Weight and Space Limitations Offshore
i) Spooling CT between
a Floating Vessel and a Platform
ii) CT Operations
from a Vessel alongside the Platform
b. Fracturing Through CT
c. Subsea Well Intervention
d. High Temperature (T > 350°F)
i) Basic Considerations
for High Temperature Operations
ii) CT Equipment
for High Temperature Operations
iii) Safety
Issues for High Temperature Operations
iv) Monitoring
High Temperature Operations
15. CT Drilling
a. Overview
i) Non-Directional Wells
ii) Directional Wells
b. Bottom Hole Assembly
i) Drill Collars
ii) Non-Magnetic
Drill Collars
iii) Steering
Tools
iv) Orienting
Tools
v) Other
BHA Sensors
vi) Orienting/Steering
Tool Combinations
c. Downhole Motors for CTD
i) Progressive Cavity
PDM
ii) Vaned-rotor
PDM
iii) Turbine
Motors
iv) Impact Tools
v) Electric Downhole
Motor
d. Drill Bits for CTD
i) Roller Cone
Bits
ii) Fixed Cutter
Bits
iii) Drilling
Bit Selection
e. CTD Rig Systems
i) Hybrid CTD
Units
ii) Purpose-Built
CTD Rigs
f. Drilling Fluids and Wellbore Hydraulics
i) Overbalanced
Drilling
ii) Underbalanced
Drilling
g. Exiting an Existing Wellbore
i) Production Tubing
Pulled—Conventional Whipstock
ii) Through
Tubing Whipstock
iii) Time Drilling
from a Cement Plug
iv) Whipstock
in a Cement Plug
h. Planning a CTD Operation
i) The Planner’s
Responsibilities
ii) Planning
Considerations for the Location
iii) Planning
Considerations for Well Type
iv) Running
and Pulling Wellbore Tubulars
v) BHA
Deployment for Underbalanced Drilling
vi) CTD “Good
Practices”
vii) CTD Equipment
Selection
viii) Well Control
and Safety Issues
i. CTD Procedure and Task List
j. Directional Drilling Calculations
16. High Pressure Operations
a. Planning
Considerations for HPCT Operations
i) CT
Simulators
ii) HPCT Job Program
b. Equipment Selection for HPCT Operations
i) CT String
ii) Injector Head
iii) Pressure Control
Equipment
iv) Injector
Head Support and Work Platform
v) Data Acquisition System (DAS)
vi) CT Diameter Measurement Tool
c. Safety Issues and Minimizing Risk for HPCT Operations
i) Operating
with Tandem Strippers
ii) Preventing CT
Collapse
iii) Pressure Testing
iv) CT String
Management
17. Minimizing Risk for CT Operations
a. Job Planning
i) Customer Planning
Information
ii) Selection
of the CT String
iii) Service
Company Proposals
iv) Job Program
b. CT Simulators
i) Available
CT Simulators
ii) CT Simulator
Input
iii) Parametric
Sensitivity
iv) CT Simulator
Output and Its Interpretation
v) CT Simulator Guidelines
c. Equipment Specifications
i) CT String
ii) CT Reel
iii) Injector Head
iv) CT Weight
Sensor(s)
v) CT Depth
Counter(s)
vi) Pressure Control
Equipment
vii) Data Acquisition
System (DAS)
viii) Bottom Hole
Assembly (BHA)
ix) Power pack
x) Cranes
xi) Fluid/Nitrogen
Pumping Unit(s)
xii) Chicksan
Connections
xiii) Chemical/Nitrogen
Tanks
xiv) Mixing
Tanks
xv) Downhole
Motors
d. Pre-Job Preparation and Testing of CT Equipment
i) Responsibilities
ii) Pressure Testing
for Standard CT Operations
iii)Equipment Preparation
e. CT String Management
i) Fatigue (Working Life)
ii) Dimensional Problems
iii) Flaws and Damage
f. Data Acquisition and Real-Time Monitoring
i) Monitoring
Operations Data
ii) CT Working Limits
Monitor
iii) CT Forces Monitor
iv) Remaining Working
Life (Fatigue) Monitor
v) Monitoring CT
Dimensions
g. Post-job Reports
i) Service Company
Responsibility
ii) Customer's Responsibility
18. General CT Operations Guidelines
a. General Safety Guidelines
i) Personnel Training
ii) Safety Equipment
iii) Safety
Procedures
b. Transportation of Equipment and Materials
c. Rig Up
d. BOP Operation
i) BOP Operation
ii) Closing
and Locking the Rams
iii) Unlocking
and Opening the Rams
e. Well-Site Pressure Testing
i) Surface
Lines
ii) BOP Bodies
and Sealing Rams
iii) CT String,
BOP Stack Connections, Stripper, and BHA Check Valves
iv) BOP Pipe
Rams
f. General Operating Guidelines
g. CT Running Speeds
h. Pull Tests
i. CT Test Runs
j. CT or BHA Becoming Stuck
i) High Frictional
Drag
ii) Tight Spot
Due to an Obstruction
iii) CT is Stuck
k. Contingency Operations
i) General
Actions for Contingency Operations
ii) Broken CT
iii) Leak in the
CT above the BOPs
iv) Leaking
Riser or Secondary BOP
v) Leaking Downhole
Check Valves
vi) Leaking
Stripper Element
vii)
CT
Slipping in the Injector Head
viii) Acid Spills
ix) Nitrogen
Spills
x) Shearing
CT
xi) Power Pack
Failure
xii) Tubing
Run Away Into the Well
x) Tubing
Run Away Out of the Well
xi) Tubing Pulls
Out of the Stripper
xii) CT Collapsed
near the Stripper
xiii) CT
Reel Hydraulic Motor Fails
xiv) Failure
of the Crane with CT in the Well
k. Well Control for CT Operations
l. CT String Maintenance
i) CT Inspection
ii) Corrosion
Control
iii) Repairs
and Splicing
iv) Post-job
Cleaning
v) CT Storage
m. Deploying a Long Tool String in a Live Well
i) Lubricator
Deployment
ii) Tool Deployment
iii) Safe Deployment
System
iv) Safety Issues
for Live Well Deployment
19. CT Equipment Drawings
a. Pressure Control Equipment Stack
i) Stack for Standard
Operations
ii) Stacks for
High Pressure Operations
iii) Safety
Procedures
b. Pressure Control Components
c. Injector Head
20. Coiled Tubing Performance Data
a. 70,000 psi Yield Strength
b. 80,000 psi Yield Strength
c. 90,000 psi Yield Strength
d. 100,000 psi Yield Strength
e. 120,000 psi Yield Strength
21. Bibliography of
CT References
a. SPE Papers about Coiled Tubing; 2000-1972
b. OTC Papers about Coiled Tubing
c. Miscellaneous References about Coiled Tubing
22. Nomenclature
and Abbreviations
a. Nomenclature, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
b. Greek Symbols
c. Subscripts
